Difference Between 3 Axis CNC and 5 Axis

Difference Between 3 Axis CNC and 5 Axis

CNC machines are automation systems that can perform precise, fast and efficient operations in the manufacturing sector. However, CNC machines can have different axis numbers, and this directly affects their processing capabilities. Understanding the differences between 3-axis CNC and 5-axis CNC machines will help you choose the technology that best suits your production needs.

What is 3-Axis CNC?

3-axis CNC machines are traditional CNC machines where the tool can move in the X, Y and Z axes. Namely:

  • X-axis → Provides the movement of the part to the right and left.
  • Y-axis → Provides the forward and backward movement of the part.
  • Z-axis → Provides the up and down movement of the cutting tool.

In these machines, the workpiece remains stationary while the cutting tool moves in three different directions to remove chips.


Advantages of 3-Axis CNC

  • Simple and Easy to Use – Easier to program and use by the operator.
  • Economical – Lower cost compared to 5-axis CNC.
  • Wide Area of ​​Use – Suitable for standard milling, drilling, cutting and turning operations.


Disadvantages of 3-Axis CNC

  • Insufficient for Complex Parts – Not sufficient for processing more complex and detailed surfaces.
  • Excessive Processing Time – Requires more processing and fixturing, which can cause loss of time.


What is 5-Axis CNC?

5-axis CNC machines are advanced machines that can move in A-C or B-C rotary axes in addition to 3 axes. 5-Axis machines are called 3+2 positioning or 5-axis simultaneous. These additional axes are as follows:

  • A axis → The workpiece or cutting tool can rotate around the X axis.
  • B axis → The workpiece or cutting tool can rotate around the Y axis.
  • C axis → The workpiece or cutting tool can rotate around the Z axis.

In this way, the cutting tool can approach the workpiece from different angles and create more complex geometries.

Advantages of 5-Axis CNC

  • Processing Complex Parts in One Step – Reduces the need for extra fixturing by processing from multiple angles.
  • Shorter Processing Time – Completes operations without turning and re-clamping the part, which saves time.
  • Higher Precision – Increases dimensional accuracy thanks to single-step processing.
  • More Complex Geometries – Ideal for producing complex parts in industries that require high precision, such as aerospace, medical and automotive.

Disadvantages of 5-Axis CNC

  • Higher Cost – More expensive than 3-axis CNC machines.
  • More Complex Programming – Requires advanced CAM software and experienced operators.
  • High Maintenance Cost – Since it has more moving parts, maintenance requirements also increase.

3-Axis CNC and 5-Axis CNC Comparison

Conclusion: Which CNC Machine Should Be Preferred?

3-axis CNC machines are ideal for basic parts, flat surfaces and standard processes. Suitable for businesses looking for a lower cost solution.

5-axis CNC machines are ideal for applications requiring high precision and complexity such as aviation, defense industry, medical and automotive. It is advantageous in the long term for companies that want to produce faster and more precisely.

If you want to choose the right CNC machine for your business, you can contact us and get support from our expert team!